The European Commission has adopted two non-compliance decisions, two specification decisions, and seven openings to identify designation of gatekeepers under the Digital Markets Act in less than two years.

Omissions

• The two non-compliance decisions refer specifically to Apple (Article 5(4) anti-steering obligations) and Meta (pay or consent model), both issued on 23 April 2025.
• The seven gatekeepers designated are Apple, Alphabet/Google, Meta, Amazon, Microsoft, ByteDance, and Booking Holdings (BHI).
• The claim was made on the same day as the publication of the DMA Review Report COM(2026) 178 final (28 April 2026), which comprehensively documents these enforcement actions.

Sources

• PrimaryEuropean Commission - DMA Review Report COM(2026) 178 finalThe report documents DMA enforcement actions including non-compliance decisions, specification decisions, and gatekeeper designations
• PrimaryEuropean Commission Press Release - Apple and Meta DMA breachesThe European Commission found that Apple breached its anti-steering obligation under the DMA, and that Meta breached the DMA obligation regarding its pay or consent model
• SecondaryEuropean Parliament Think Tank - Digital Markets Act enforcement: State of playOn 23 April 2025, the Commission issued the first non-compliance decisions. It fined Apple €500 million and Meta €200 million for DMA breaches